# The LLM Landscape in 2026: 15 AI Systems Reading Your Product Pages
> Beyond ChatGPT and Perplexity: Mistral, Claude, Gemini, Meta AI, Grok, DeepSeek, and MCP agents. Who reads what, how to appear everywhere.
- Canonical HTML: https://verityscore.io/en/kb/llm-landscape-ecommerce/
- Markdown alternate: https://verityscore.io/en/kb/llm-landscape-ecommerce.md
- Language: en
- Content type: kb
- Published: 2026-04-15
- Updated: 2026-06-01
- Tags: llm, ai, crawlers, chatgpt, perplexity, mistral, claude, gemini
- Audit zone: AI Landscape
## Video : 6 minutes to understand GEO

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## Why this guide

The mainstream AI conversation in 2026 centers on ChatGPT and Perplexity. That's a narrow view. **More than 15 LLMs impact Shopify product page visibility today**, and they don't all work the same way. Some use Google Merchant Center feeds, others read raw HTML via proprietary crawlers, others navigate live via browser agents.

For an e-commerce merchant, optimizing only for the 4 most famous leaves out half the channels. And crucially, it completely misses LLMs growing rapidly in Europe (Mistral Le Chat), on WhatsApp (Meta AI), on X (Grok) or in Asia (Qwen, DeepSeek).

This guide catalogs the 15 AI systems that matter for e-commerce in 2026, their data collection mechanics, and the surfaces where your store can appear.

## The 15 LLMs that matter for e-commerce in 2026

### ChatGPT (OpenAI)

- **Users**: 900 million weekly active users (confirmed by OpenAI late February 2026, source [TechCrunch](https://techcrunch.com/2026/02/27/chatgpt-reaches-900m-weekly-active-users/)), 50 million paying subscribers
- **Country**: United States
- **Commerce**: ChatGPT Shopping (carousel + checkout via ACP for Etsy, Glossier, SKIMS, Spanx, Vuori, Target, Sephora, Nordstrom, Lowe's, Best Buy, Home Depot, Wayfair)
- **Product data**: hybrid : carousel 83% fed by Google Shopping (Peec AI study), text answers via Bing (87% match Bing top 20)
- **Crawlers**: GPTBot, ChatGPT-User, OAI-SearchBot : none execute JavaScript
- **Europe relevance**: strong, no localization specific

### Gemini (Google)

- **Users**: 750 million monthly active users on the Gemini app (Alphabet Q4 2025 earnings)
- **Country**: United States
- **Commerce**: native UCP integration, `native_commerce` flag in Merchant Center, direct "Buy" button in Gemini and Google AI Mode
- **Product data**: hybrid : Google Search + Merchant Center feed
- **Crawlers**: Googlebot (full JavaScript rendering via evergreen Chromium), Google-Extended (training opt-out)
- **Europe relevance**: very strong, Gemini is the default assistant on Android

### Google AI Overviews and Google AI Mode

Two distinct Google surfaces worth treating separately.

- **AI Overviews**: summary above organic results, 2 billion monthly users (Google Q2 2025 earnings), appears in ~14% of shopping queries in 2026
- **AI Mode**: conversational mode with fan-out (up to 16 parallel queries), 75 million daily users, Direct Offers shopping ads launched February 2026
- **Data**: grounded on Google Search index + Merchant Center for products
- **CTR impact**: AI Overviews reduce organic CTR by 58% on average ([Ahrefs 2026 update](https://ahrefs.com/blog/ai-overviews-reduce-clicks-update/))

### Perplexity

- **Users**: 100 million+ MAU (Financial Times April 2026), 450 million ARR
- **Country**: United States
- **Commerce**: Perplexity Shopping, Buy with Pro, Snap to Shop, PayPal, Shopify, BigCommerce integrations
- **Product data**: hybrid : PerplexityBot on HTML + direct feed for merchants enrolled in the Perplexity Merchant Program + Shopify Catalog integration
- **Crawlers**: PerplexityBot and Perplexity-User : neither executes JavaScript
- **Comet**: agentic browser since March 2026, free on iOS/Android/Windows/Mac, scrapes HTML live
- **Europe relevance**: strong, amplified by Snapchat integration since January 2026

### Claude (Anthropic)

- **Users**: no official MAU published by Anthropic, 14 billion annualized ARR as of late February 2026 (source [TechCrunch](https://techcrunch.com/2026/03/28/anthropics-claude-popularity-with-paying-consumers-is-skyrocketing/))
- **Country**: United States
- **Commerce**: no native shopping surface, but Claude powers many commerce MCP agents and is the engine behind Perplexity's Comet Agent (Sonnet 4.6 for Pro, Opus 4.6 for Max)
- **Product data**: crawl for training and search
- **Crawlers**: ClaudeBot, Claude-User, Claude-SearchBot (officially documented by Anthropic which states "don't rely on JavaScript")
- **Computer Use**: research preview March 2026, dispatch feature = autonomous browser use
- **Europe relevance**: strong enterprise, 70% of Fortune 100

### Mistral Le Chat (France)

- **Users**: 5 million MAU web + mobile mid-2025, 1 million app downloads in first week, 9.34 million web visits February 2026
- **Country**: France, Paris HQ, 14 billion valuation end-2025
- **Commerce**: limited but growing fast with MCP connectors for PayPal, Plaid, Square, Stripe (source [Mistral news](https://mistral.ai/news/le-chat-mcp-connectors-memories))
- **Product data**: hybrid with MCP connectors, plus crawl via MistralAI-User
- **Crawlers**: MistralAI-User documented at [docs.mistral.ai/robots](https://docs.mistral.ai/robots), browser-session mode, **does not respect robots.txt** by design (treated as user action)
- **Europe relevance**: **critical**. 40.77% traffic from France. Orange partnership for 10 million French mobile subscribers. The only consumer European LLM at scale

### Meta AI (WhatsApp / Instagram / Facebook / Messenger)

- **Users**: 1 billion+ combined MAU since May 2025 (Meta announcement), Family DAP at 3.58 billion Q4 2025
- **Country**: United States
- **Commerce**: no dedicated product carousel, but Meta AI recommends products in WhatsApp conversations and Instagram Shopping remains separate
- **Crawler**: Meta-ExternalAgent documented at [developers.facebook.com](https://developers.facebook.com/docs/sharing/webmasters/web-crawlers/), does not execute JavaScript
- **Europe relevance**: **very strong** via WhatsApp (saturated Europe) and Instagram

### Grok (xAI)

- **Users**: 35 million MAU end-2025, ~60 million January 2026, sustained growth via X/Twitter
- **Country**: United States
- **Commerce**: no dedicated shopping surface as of April 2026
- **Crawler**: xAI uses a bot but without formal public documentation equivalent to GPTBot
- **Europe relevance**: tied to X usage, weaker than in US

### DeepSeek (China)

- **Users**: 130 million active users end-2025, 22.15 million DAU, 173 million total downloads
- **Country**: China
- **Commerce**: no dedicated consumer shopping surface outside China
- **Europe relevance**: low consumer-side, high enterprise-side for open-weight models

### Qwen (Alibaba)

- **Users**: 100 million MAU January 2026, 149% growth in November (fastest-growing AI app that month per Alibaba, source [SCMP](https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3339968/alibabas-qwen-ai-app-hits-100-million-users-upgrade-broadens-role-daily-life))
- **Country**: China
- **Commerce**: integrated into Alibaba ecosystem (Taobao, Tmall)
- **Europe relevance**: low consumer-side, relevant for European merchants selling in China

### Pi (Inflection), Cohere, Character.AI

- **Pi**: 1M DAU, 6M MAU, momentum diminished after Microsoft pivot in March 2024
- **Cohere**: enterprise only, 240 million ARR, ~800 employees, no consumer app
- **Character.AI**: 20 to 28 million MAU, companionship/roleplay use case, not product-relevant

### Other relevant surfaces

- **Microsoft Copilot**: runs on Bing index, integrated in Windows 11 and Microsoft 365, massive distributed audience
- **Amazon Rufus → Alexa for Shopping** (rebranded May 2026): 300 million users, 12 billion incremental sales 2025, purely in Amazon ecosystem but serves as agentic commerce impact reference
- **Doubao (ByteDance)**: 227 million users end February 2026, AIGC leader in China

## The 3 data access paradigms

### Paradigm 1: feed-driven (product carousels)

Surfaces that display clickable product cards rely on structured feeds. Google Merchant Center is the de facto hub for most.

<figure>
  <img src="/diagrams/llm-landscape-en.svg" alt="2026 landscape of 15 LLMs with their respective data sources (Google Merchant Center feed, HTML crawl, MCP/ACP/UCP protocols)" width="800" height="520" loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="width:100%;height:auto;" />
  <figcaption style="text-align:center;font-size:0.875rem;color:#6B6B76;margin-top:0.5rem;">Figure 1 : The 15 LLMs of 2026 and their product data pipelines</figcaption>
</figure>

Main feed-driven surfaces:

- **ChatGPT carousel**: 83% of products come from Google Shopping (Peec AI study)
- **Perplexity carousel**: direct feed via Perplexity Merchant Program + Shopify Catalog + PayPal
- **Google Shopping**: Google Merchant Center
- **Google AI Mode carousels**: Merchant Center + UCP
- **Google AI Overviews products**: Merchant Center
- **Gemini native commerce**: UCP flag

### Paradigm 2: crawler-driven (text answers, citations)

Conversational answers, citations, non-carousel recommendations rely on HTML crawling. This is where the majority of LLMs operate.

Main crawler-driven surfaces:

- **ChatGPT text answers**: Bing crawl + GPTBot/OAI-SearchBot
- **ChatGPT citations**: Bing crawl (87% of citations)
- **Perplexity text answers**: PerplexityBot on HTML
- **Claude**: ClaudeBot, Claude-User, Claude-SearchBot
- **Mistral Le Chat**: MistralAI-User
- **Meta AI**: Meta-ExternalAgent
- **Grok, DeepSeek, Qwen, Pi, Cohere**: proprietary crawlers
- **Google AI Overviews citations**: Googlebot

### Paradigm 3: agents and protocols

New channels emerged in 2025-2026. They rely on standard protocols.

- **MCP (Model Context Protocol)**: 10,000+ active public MCP servers in March 2026, 97 million monthly SDK downloads, donated by Anthropic to the Agentic AI Foundation (Linux Foundation) with Block, OpenAI, Google, Microsoft, AWS, Cloudflare
- **ACP (Agentic Commerce Protocol)**: OpenAI + Stripe, Apache 2.0, date-based versioning, REST or MCP interface, 10+ live partners (Etsy, Shopify, Target, Sephora, Nordstrom, Lowe's, Best Buy, Home Depot, Wayfair)
- **UCP (Universal Commerce Protocol)**: Google + Shopify, launched January 2026, 20+ partners (Adyen, American Express, Best Buy, Flipkart, Macy's, Mastercard, Stripe, Home Depot, Visa, Zalando, Target, Walmart, Etsy, Wayfair, PayPal)
- **Browser agents**: Perplexity Comet, Claude Computer Use, OpenAI Operator/ChatGPT Agent, Browser Use (open source)

Shopify is present in **all three protocols**, which explains how Agentic Storefronts (March 2026) simultaneously feed ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini, AI Mode, Perplexity.

## AI crawlers and JavaScript rendering matrix

| Bot | Operator | User-Agent | JS? | robots.txt |
|-----|----------|------------|:---:|:----------:|
| GPTBot | OpenAI | `GPTBot/1.1; +https://openai.com/gptbot` | No | Yes |
| OAI-SearchBot | OpenAI | `OAI-SearchBot` | No | Yes |
| ChatGPT-User | OpenAI | `ChatGPT-User` | No | Yes |
| ClaudeBot | Anthropic | `ClaudeBot` | No | Yes |
| Claude-User | Anthropic | `Claude-User` | No | Yes |
| Claude-SearchBot | Anthropic | `Claude-SearchBot` | No | Yes |
| PerplexityBot | Perplexity | `PerplexityBot/1.0` | No | Yes |
| Perplexity-User | Perplexity | `Perplexity-User` | No | **No** |
| MistralAI-User | Mistral | `MistralAI-User/1.0` | Browser session | **No** |
| Googlebot | Google | `Googlebot/2.1` | **Yes** | Yes |
| Google-Extended | Google | `Google-Extended` | N/A (uses Googlebot) | Yes |
| Bingbot | Microsoft | `bingbot/2.0` | **Yes, partial** | Yes |
| Applebot / Applebot-Extended | Apple | `Applebot` | **Yes** | Yes |
| Meta-ExternalAgent | Meta | `meta-externalagent/1.1` | No | Yes |
| CCBot | Common Crawl | `CCBot/2.0` | No | Yes |

**Conclusion**: of 15 major crawlers, **only 3 reliably render JavaScript** (Googlebot, Applebot, Bingbot with limits). For the other 12, server-side HTML is the only source.

## Prioritization for a Shopify merchant

For an e-commerce merchant aiming to maximize AI visibility in 2026, here is the recommended priority order (by decreasing impact):

1. **Google AI Overviews + AI Mode** (2 billion monthly users, 75M DAU) : depends on Google Search + Merchant Center. Action: complete schema.org Product + Merchant Center feed + allow Google-Extended
2. **ChatGPT Shopping** (900M weekly users, 83% of carousel from Google Shopping) : both GMC feed and HTML quality count
3. **Perplexity Shopping** (100M+ MAU, 4.4x higher conversion per [Conductor 2026](https://www.conductor.com/academy/aeo-geo-benchmarks-report/)) : free Merchant Program + native Shopify Catalog + quality HTML
4. **Claude and MCP agents** : purely HTML. Action: complete JSON-LD, robots.txt open to ClaudeBot
5. **Mistral Le Chat** (priority for French-speaking audience) : HTML crawl via MistralAI-User. Action: clean HTML, no blocking
6. **Meta AI** (massive WhatsApp/Instagram distribution) : HTML via Meta-ExternalAgent
7. **Gemini app** : covered by Google optimization
8. **Grok, Bing Copilot** : covered by HTML + Bing (Bingbot crawl)
9. **Browser agents** (Comet, Claude Computer Use, Browser Use) : depend on live HTML

## 2026 AI commerce market data

Key numbers to make the case for GEO investment to a product committee or leadership:

- **+693% AI traffic to US retail sites** during 2025 holidays ([Adobe Analytics NRF 2026](https://business.adobe.com/blog/ai-driven-traffic-surges-across-industries))
- AI traffic converts **31% higher** than other sources, bounce rate **-27%** (Adobe)
- **+254% RPV** (revenue per visitor) from AI traffic during holidays (Adobe)
- **4.4x conversion** for AI traffic vs traditional organic per [Conductor 2026](https://www.conductor.com/academy/aeo-geo-benchmarks-report/) (13,770 domains sample)
- **91% of ecommerce queries** now trigger an AI-generated result (Conductor)
- **Amazon Rufus (now Alexa for Shopping)**: 300 million users, 12 billion incremental sales 2025, **+60% purchase likelihood when engaged**
- **Agentic commerce market**: 1.5 to 5 trillion dollars by 2030 per McKinsey, Bain, Juniper Research

## Related articles

- [AggregateRating invisible to AI: technical guide](/en/kb/aggregate-rating)
- [Schema.org Product on Shopify](/en/kb/schema-org)
- [Sell on ChatGPT: Shopify guide 2026](/en/kb/sell-on-chatgpt-shopify)
- [Perplexity Shopping: merchant guide](/en/kb/perplexity-shopping)
- [ACP: Agentic Commerce Protocol](/en/kb/acp-agentic-commerce-protocol)
- [UCP: Universal Commerce Protocol](/en/kb/ucp-universal-commerce-protocol)
- [robots.txt and AI crawlers](/en/kb/robots-crawlers)

---

**Ready to check your visibility across all AI?** [Run a free GEO audit →](https://verityscore.io)
## FAQ

### Which LLMs matter for e-commerce in 2026?

The top 10: ChatGPT (OpenAI, 900M weekly active users), Gemini (Google, 750M MAU), Perplexity (100M+ MAU), Claude (Anthropic, 14 billion ARR), Mistral Le Chat (French, critical in Europe), Meta AI (1 billion+ MAU via WhatsApp/Instagram/Facebook), Grok (xAI, integrated in X), DeepSeek (China), Qwen (Alibaba, 100M MAU), plus proliferating MCP and browser agents.

### Do all LLMs use the same data pipeline?

No. Two major models coexist. Feed-driven surfaces (ChatGPT product carousel, Perplexity, Google AI Mode) use Google Merchant Center, the Perplexity Merchant Program, or Shopify Agentic Storefronts. Crawler-driven surfaces (text answers, citations, most other LLMs) read raw page HTML. Most don't render JavaScript.

### Which AI crawlers render JavaScript?

Only Googlebot, Applebot and Bingbot (partially) reliably render JavaScript. GPTBot, ClaudeBot, PerplexityBot, CCBot, Meta-ExternalAgent and MistralAI-User don't execute it. Server-side HTML is therefore mandatory for visibility across most AI.

### Is Mistral Le Chat important for a French e-commerce merchant?

Yes. Mistral AI is valued at 14 billion end-2025, 40.77% of its traffic comes from France, and it has an Orange partnership for 10 million French mobile subscribers. It's the only consumer European LLM at scale. For a French-speaking audience, optimizing for Mistral Le Chat has direct impact.

### What are MCP, ACP and UCP?

MCP (Model Context Protocol) is Anthropic's universal protocol for connecting AI to data sources, adopted by OpenAI, Google, Microsoft, AWS. ACP (Agentic Commerce Protocol) is the OpenAI + Stripe standard for purchases in ChatGPT. UCP (Universal Commerce Protocol) is the Google + Shopify standard for Gemini and Google AI Mode. In 2026, all 3 coexist, with Shopify present in all three.

### Where should a Shopify store prioritize appearing?

First in ChatGPT Shopping (900M weekly users, 83% of carousel comes from Google Shopping), Google AI Overviews (2 billion monthly users), then Perplexity Shopping (4.4x conversion vs classic sources per Conductor 2026). For French-speaking Europe, add Mistral Le Chat. Everything runs through HTML quality and the Google Merchant Center feed.

## Sources

- [TechCrunch: ChatGPT 900M weekly active users](https://techcrunch.com/2026/02/27/chatgpt-reaches-900m-weekly-active-users/) (industry)
- [TechCrunch: Gemini 750M MAU (Alphabet Q4 2025 earnings)](https://techcrunch.com/2026/02/04/googles-gemini-app-has-surpassed-750m-monthly-active-users/) (industry)
- [TechCrunch: Claude 14 billion ARR (Feb 2026)](https://techcrunch.com/2026/03/28/anthropics-claude-popularity-with-paying-consumers-is-skyrocketing/) (industry)
- [Perplexity: Shopping official blog](https://www.perplexity.ai/hub/blog/shop-like-a-pro) (official)
- [Mistral AI: MCP connectors for Le Chat](https://mistral.ai/news/le-chat-mcp-connectors-memories) (official)
- [Mistral AI: MistralAI-User crawler documentation](https://docs.mistral.ai/robots) (official)
- [OpenAI: GPTBot and crawlers documentation](https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/bots) (official)
- [Anthropic: ClaudeBot, Claude-User, Claude-SearchBot](https://privacy.claude.com/en/articles/8896518-does-anthropic-crawl-data-from-the-web-and-how-can-site-owners-block-the-crawler) (official)
- [Perplexity: crawlers documentation](https://docs.perplexity.ai/docs/resources/perplexity-crawlers) (official)
- [Google UCP: developers blog](https://developers.googleblog.com/under-the-hood-universal-commerce-protocol-ucp/) (official)
- [Shopify Engineering: UCP implementation](https://shopify.engineering/ucp) (official)
- [OpenAI: Agentic Commerce Protocol (ACP)](https://developers.openai.com/commerce) (official)
- [Anthropic: Agentic AI Foundation (MCP donation)](https://www.anthropic.com/news/donating-the-model-context-protocol-and-establishing-of-the-agentic-ai-foundation) (official)
- [Peec AI: 83% of ChatGPT products come from Google Shopping](https://searchengineland.com/new-finding-chatgpt-sources-83-of-its-carousel-products-from-google-shopping-via-shopping-query-fan-outs-470723) (industry)
- [Seer Interactive: 87% of SearchGPT citations match Bing top 20](https://www.seerinteractive.com/insights/87-percent-of-searchgpt-citations-match-bings-top-results) (industry)
- [Adobe Analytics: +693% AI traffic to US retail (2025 holidays)](https://business.adobe.com/blog/ai-driven-traffic-surges-across-industries) (industry)
- [Conductor: AEO/GEO 2026 benchmark (13,770 domains)](https://www.conductor.com/academy/aeo-geo-benchmarks-report/) (industry)
- [SCMP: Qwen 100M MAU](https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3339968/alibabas-qwen-ai-app-hits-100-million-users-upgrade-broadens-role-daily-life) (industry)
- [Vercel: analysis of 500M+ AI crawler requests](https://vercel.com/blog/the-rise-of-the-ai-crawler) (industry)